How To Cite National Register Bulletin 15

Federal list of historic sites in the United States

National Register of Celebrated Places
Agency overview
Formed	1966; 56 years agone (1966)
Jurisdiction	Usa
Annual upkeep	$xvi.8 million (2018)
Agency executive	Sherry A. Frear, Principal, National Register of Historic Places/National Celebrated Landmarks Program and Deputy Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places
Parent department	National Park Service
Website	www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister

The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the U.s. federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance. A property listed in the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, may qualify for tax incentives derived from the full value of expenses incurred in preserving the holding.

The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for calculation properties to it. Of the more than one and a one-half one thousand thousand properties on the National Register, 95,000 are listed individually. The rest are contributing resources within historic districts.

For nearly of its history, the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service (NPS), an bureau inside the United States Department of the Interior. Its goals are to assistance property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, as well as to coordinate, place and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Annals listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed backdrop. Protection of the property is non guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, besides every bit the public and politicians.

Occasionally, historic sites outside the country proper, merely associated with the Us (such as the American Legation in Tangier) are also listed. Properties can exist nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts and multiple property submissions (MPS). The Annals categorizes full general listings into one of five types of backdrop: district, site, construction, building or object.

National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and not-contributing properties. Some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Celebrated Landmarks (NHL), National Celebrated Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks, National Memorials and some National Monuments. (Federal properties can be proclaimed National Monuments under the Antiquities Act because of either their historical or natural significance. They are managed by multiple agencies. Merely monuments that are historic in character and managed past the National Park Service are listed administratively in the National Register.)

History [edit]

On October 15, 1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO).^[3] Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Annals'due south creation, equally well every bit any other celebrated sites in the National Park arrangement.^[4] Approval of the human action, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy.^[3] ^[5] The 1966 deed required those agencies to work in conjunction with the SHPO and an independent federal agency, the Advisory Quango on Historic Preservation (ACHP), to face up adverse effects of federal activities on celebrated preservation.^[6]

To administer the newly created National Register of Celebrated Places, the National Park Service of the U.South. Department of the Interior, with managing director George B. Hartzog Jr., established an authoritative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP).^[6] ^[7] Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register programme mandated by the 1966 law. Ernest Connally was the Office'due south first managing director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Annals. The partitioning administered several existing programs, including the Historic Sites Survey and the Celebrated American Buildings Survey, equally well as the new National Register and Historic Preservation Fund.^[vi]

The outset official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian.^[iv] During the Annals'due south primeval years in the late 1960s and early on 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were minor, understaffed and underfunded.^[7] Notwithstanding, funds were however existence supplied for the Historic Preservation Fund to provide matching grants-in-aid to listed property owners, get-go for house museums and institutional buildings, but later for commercial structures too.^[6]

A few years afterwards in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U.S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two "Assistant Directorates". Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archæology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Advisers for Park Historic Preservation. From 1978 until 1981, the main bureau for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS) of the United States Department of the Interior.^[9]

In Feb 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs. Jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate advisers. He was described as a skilled administrator, who was sensitive to the need for the NPS to work with SHPOs, academia and local governments.

Although not described in detail in the 1966 human activity, SHPOs eventually became integral to the process of listing properties on the National Register. The 1980 amendments of the 1966 law farther divers the responsibilities of SHPOs concerning the National Register.^[9] Several 1992 amendments of the NHPA added a category to the National Register, known equally Traditional Cultural Properties: those backdrop associated with Native American or Hawaiian groups.^[5]

The National Annals of Historic Places has grown considerably from its legislative origins in 1966. In 1986, citizens and groups nominated 3,623 separate properties, sites and districts for inclusion on the National Register, a total of 75,000 separate properties.^[9] Of the more than than one and a half meg properties on the National Register, 95,000 are listed individually. Others are listed equally contributing members within historic districts.^[6] ^[10]

Nomination process [edit]

Information technology is hereby declared to exist the policy of the United States Regime that special attempt should be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside and public park and recreation lands, wild fauna and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites.^[11]

—(49 USC 303)

Any individual can prepare a National Register nomination, although historians and historic preservation consultants often are employed for this work. The nomination consists of a standard registration course (NPS ten-900) and contains basic information well-nigh a property's physical appearance and the type of significance embodied in the building, structure, object, site, or district.^[12]

The Land Celebrated Preservation Function (SHPO) receives National Annals nominations and provides feedback to the nominating individual or group. After preliminary review, the SHPO sends each nomination to the country's historic review commission, which then recommends whether the State Historic Preservation Officeholder should send the nomination to the Keeper of the National Annals. For any non-Federally owned property, only the State Historic Preservation Officer may officially nominate a holding for inclusion in the National Register. Afterward the nomination is recommended for listing in the National Annals by the SHPO, the nomination is sent to the National Park Service, which approves or denies the nomination.

If approved, the belongings is entered officially past the Keeper of the National Register into the National Register of Historic Places.^[12] Property owners are notified of the nomination during the review by the SHPO and land's celebrated review commission. If an owner objects to a nomination of individual property, or in the case of a historic commune, a majority of owners, then the property cannot be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.^[12]

Criteria [edit]

For a holding to be eligible for the National Annals, it must meet at least i of the iv National Annals master criteria.^[thirteen] Data near architectural styles, clan with various aspects of social history and commerce and ownership are all integral parts of the nomination. Each nomination contains a narrative department that provides a detailed physical description of the holding and justifies why information technology is meaning historically with regard either to local, state, or national history. The 4 National Register of Historic Places criteria are the post-obit.

Criterion A, "Consequence", the property must make a contribution to the major pattern of American history.
Benchmark B, "Person", is associated with significant people of the American by.
Benchmark C, "Design/Construction", concerns the distinctive characteristics of the edifice by its architecture and construction, including having great creative value or beingness the work of a master.
Criterion D, "Information potential", is satisfied if the property has yielded or may exist likely to yield information important to prehistory or history.^[12]

The criteria are applied differently for different types of backdrop; for instance, maritime properties take awarding guidelines different from those of buildings.^[13]

Exclusions [edit]

There are specific instances where properties unremarkably do not merit listing in the National Register. As a general rule, cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties endemic past religious institutions or used for religious purposes, moved structures, reconstructed historic buildings, commemorative properties and properties that have accomplished significance during the last fifty years are not qualified for list on the Annals.^[12] There are, however, exceptions to all the preceding; mitigating circumstances allow properties classified in ane of those groups to exist included.^[12]

Properties listed [edit]

A typical plaque found on backdrop listed in the National Register of Historic Places

An alternate series of plaques. Buildings on the National Register are often listed in local celebrated societies too.

A listing on the National Annals of Celebrated Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, site, building, or holding. Notwithstanding, the Annals is by and large "an honorary status with some federal financial incentives."^[xiv] The National Register of Historic Places automatically includes all National Historic Landmarks equally well as all historic areas administered by the National Park Service.^[3]

Landmarks such as these include National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Armed services Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials and some National Monuments. Occasionally, historic sites outside the U.s.a. borders, but associated with the Us, such equally the American Legation in Tangier, Morocco, also are listed.^[15]

List in the National Register does not restrict private belongings owners from the use of their property.^[16]

Some states and municipalities, notwithstanding, may have laws that become effective when a property is listed in the National Register. If federal money or a federal permitting process is involved, Section 106 of the National Celebrated Preservation Act of 1966 is invoked. Section 106 requires the federal agency involved to assess the effect of its deportment on historic resource.^[17] Statutorily, the Advisory Quango on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has the most significant role by Department 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The section requires that the director of any federal agency with directly or indirect jurisdiction of a projection that may touch a belongings listed or adamant eligible for list in the National Register of Historic Places must first report to the Advisory Council. The director of said agency is required to "take into business relationship the effect of the undertaking" on the National Annals holding, as well as to afford the ACHP a reasonable opportunity to comment.^[eighteen]

While Section 106 does not mandate explicitly that any federal agency manager accept the communication of the ACHP, their communication has a practical influence, especially given the statutory obligations of the NHPA that require federal agencies to "take into business relationship the result of the undertaking."^[17] ^[18]

In cases where the ACHP determines federal activity will have an "agin upshot" on historic properties, mitigation is sought. Typically, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is created by which the involved parties hold to a detail plan. Many states accept laws similar to Section 106.^[17] In contrast to weather relating to a federally designated historic commune, municipal ordinances governing local historic districts oft restrict sure kinds of changes to properties. Thus, they may protect the property more than a National Register listing does.^[19]

The Section of Transportation Act, passed on October 15, 1966, the aforementioned mean solar day as the National Historic Preservation Act, included provisions that addressed historic preservation. The DOT Act is much more than general than Section 106 NHPA in that it refers to properties other than those listed in the Annals.^[18]

The more general language has allowed more properties and parklands to enjoy condition as protected areas past this legislation, a policy adult early in its history. The U.s.a. Supreme Court ruled in the 1971 case Citizens to Preserve Overton Park five. Volpe that parklands could have the aforementioned protected status as "celebrated sites."^[18]

Walden Swimming is an example of a natural site listed on the NRHP.

Multiple property submission [edit]

A multiple property submission (MPS) is a thematic group listing of the National Annals of Historic Places that consists of related backdrop that share a mutual theme and can be submitted equally a group. Multiple property submissions must satisfy sure basic criteria for the group of properties to be included in the National Register.

The process begins with the multiple property documentation grade which acts as a cover certificate rather than the nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The purpose of the documentation course is to constitute the footing of eligibility for related properties. The information of the multiple property documentation form tin be used to nominate and register related celebrated properties simultaneously, or to found criteria for properties that may be nominated in the future. Thus, additions to an MPS can occur over time.

The nomination of individual properties in an MPS is accomplished in the same manner as other nominations. The name of the "thematic group" denotes the historical theme of the properties. It is considered the "multiple property list." One time an individual belongings or a group of properties is nominated and listed in the National Register, the multiple property documentation form, combined with the private National Annals of Historic Places nomination forms, found a multiple property submission.^[20]

Examples of MPS include the Lee County Multiple Property Submission, the Warehouses in Omaha, the Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia and the Illinois Carnegie Libraries. Before the term "Multiple Property Submission" was introduced in 1984, such listings were known as "Thematic Resources", such as the Operating Rider Railroad Stations Thematic Resource, or "Multiple Resource Areas".^[21]

Types of properties [edit]

Example of a barn on the National Register of Historic Places; Moo-cow Barn; Enfield Shaker Village, New Hampshire; built 1854.^[22]

Listed properties are generally in one of five broad categories, although there are special considerations for other types of properties that in whatsoever i, or into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for National Register properties are: edifice, structure, site, commune and object.^[thirteen] In add-on, historic districts consist of contributing and non-contributing properties.

Buildings, every bit defined by the National Register, are distinguished in the traditional sense. Examples include a house, barn, hotel, church building, or similar construction. They are created primarily to shelter human action. The term building, as in outbuilding, can be used to refer to historically and functionally related units, such as a courthouse and a jail or a barn and a house.^[13]

Structures differ from buildings in that they are functional constructions meant to be used for purposes other than sheltering human activeness. Examples include an shipping, a grain elevator, a gazebo and a bridge.

Objects are normally artistic in nature, or minor in calibration compared to structures and buildings. Although objects may be movable, they are generally associated with a specific setting or surround. Examples of objects include monuments, sculptures and fountains.

Sites are the locations of significant events, which can exist prehistoric or historic in nature and stand for activities or buildings (continuing, ruined, or vanished). When sites are listed, it is the locations themselves that are of historical interest. They possess cultural or archaeological value regardless of the value of any structures that currently exist at the locations. Examples of types of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, campsites, natural features and rock shelters.^[thirteen]

Historic districts possess a concentration, association, or continuity of the other iv types of properties. Objects, structures, buildings and sites in a celebrated commune are united historically or aesthetically, either by option or by the nature of their evolution.^[13]

There are several other different types of historic preservation associated with the properties of the National Register of Historic Places that cannot be classified every bit either elementary buildings and celebrated districts. Through the National Park Service, the National Annals of Historic Places publishes a series of bulletins designed to aid in evaluating and applying the criteria for evaluation of different types of backdrop.^[13] Although the criteria are always the same, the manner they are practical may differ slightly, depending upon the type of property involved. The National Register bulletins describe the application of the criteria for aids to navigation, celebrated battlefields, archaeological sites, aviation properties, cemeteries and burying places, historic designed landscapes, mining sites, post offices, backdrop associated with significant persons, properties achieving significance within the last l years, rural historic landscapes, traditional cultural properties and vessels and shipwrecks.^[13]

Property owner incentives [edit]

Properties are non protected in any strict sense by the Federal listing. States and local zoning bodies may or may non choose to protect listed historic places. Indirect protection is possible, by state and local regulations on the development of National Register properties and by tax incentives. By contrast, the land of Colorado, for example, does non set any limits on owners of National Annals properties. See ^[23]

Until 1976, federal tax incentives were virtually non-existent for buildings on the National Annals. Before 1976 the federal tax code favored new construction rather than the reuse of existing, sometimes historical, structures.^[six] In 1976, the taxation code was altered to provide tax incentives that promote the preservation of income-producing historic properties. The National Park Service was given the responsibility to ensure that simply rehabilitations that preserved the historic character of a building would authorize for federal tax incentives. A qualifying rehabilitation is i that the NPS deems consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation.^[24] Properties and sites listed in the Register, likewise as those located in and contributing to the period of significance of National Register Historic Districts, became eligible for the federal taxation benefits.^[vi]

Owners of income-producing properties listed individually in the National Register of Celebrated Places or of properties that are contributing resources within a National Register Celebrated District may exist eligible for a 20% investment tax credit for the rehabilitation of the historic construction. The rehabilitation may exist of a commercial, industrial, or residential holding, for rentals.^[sixteen] The tax incentives programme is operated by the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program, which is managed jointly by the National Park Service, private State Celebrated Preservation Offices and the Internal Acquirement Service.^[25]

Some property owners may also qualify for grants, like the now-defunct Save America's Treasures grants, which apply specifically to properties entered in the Register with national significance or designated as National Historic Landmarks.^[26] ^[27]

The NHPA did not distinguish between properties listed in the National Annals of Historic Places and those designated as National Historic Landmarks concerning qualification for tax incentives or grants. This was deliberate, equally the authors of the act had learned from feel that distinguishing between categories of significance for such incentives acquired the lowest category to go expendable.^[4] Essentially, this made the Landmarks a kind of "honor roll" of the most meaning backdrop of the National Register of Historic Places.^[4]

Recent past [edit]

50-year rule [edit]

In American historic preservation, the 50-year dominion is the by and large held belief that a property must be at least 50 years former to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places.^[28] Actually, there is no hard rule. As stated by John H. Sprinkle Jr., deputy director of the Federal Preservation Institute, "this 'rule' is only an exception to the criteria that shape listings inside the National Register of Historic Places. Of the 8 'exceptions' [or criteria considerations], Consideration Thou, for backdrop that take achieved significance within the past fifty years, is probably the best-known, however also misunderstood preservation principle in America."^[28] Each yr, a new group of resource crosses the 50-yr threshold. The preservation of these "underage" resources has gained attending in contempo years.

Limitations [edit]

As of 1999, there have been 982 properties removed from the Register, nigh frequently due to beingness destroyed.^[30] Among the properties that were demolished or otherwise destroyed after their list are the Jobbers Canyon Historic District in Omaha, Nebraska (listed in 1979, demolished in 1989),^[31] ^[32] Pan-Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles, California (listed in 1978, destroyed in a fire in 1989),^[33] Palace Amusements in Asbury Park, New Jersey (listed in 2000, demolished in 2004),^[34] The Balinese Room in Galveston, Texas (listed in 1997, destroyed past Hurricane Ike in 2008),^[35] seven of the nine buildings included in the Academy of Connecticut Historic Commune in Storrs, Connecticut (listed in 1989, demolished in 2017),^[36] and the Terrell Jacobs Circus Winter Quarters in Peru, Indiana (listed in 2012, demolished in 2021).^[37]

Encounter also [edit]

Historic district
Listed edifice, the UK equivalent
National Heritage Area
Annals of Culturally Significant Holding
United States National Register of Historic Places listings
List of National Historic Landmarks by state
Listing of National Memorials of the U.s.a.
List of threatened celebrated sites in the Usa
List of African-American historic places
Listing of university and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places
List of jails and prisons on the National Annals of Historic Places
List of heritage registers worldwide

References [edit]

^ "National Register Data Organisation". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "National Park Service Directors and Advisers, Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, National Park Service Data Store (IRMA), Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Public Constabulary 102–575, National Conference of State Celebrated Preservation Officers, Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mackintosh, Barry. "The Historic Sites Survey and National Historic Landmarks Program: A History, National Park Service Data Shop (IRMA), Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Ferguson, T. J. "Native Americans and the Practice of Archæology Archived Feb six, 2017, at the Wayback Car" (JSTOR), Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 25. (1996), pp. 63–79. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^yard Fisher, Charles E. (1998). "Promoting the Preservation of Historic Buildings: Historic Preservation Policy in the United States". APT Bulletin. 29 (three/4): 7–11. doi:10.2307/1504604. JSTOR 1504604.
^ ^a ^b Scarpino, Philip V. "Planning for Preservation: A Look at the Federal-Country Celebrated Preservation Plan, 1966–1986 (in The Intergovernmental Politics of Preservation) Archived November 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine" (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. 14, No. 2. (Jump, 1992), pp. 49–66. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hertfelder, Eric. "The National Park Service and Celebrated Preservation: Celebrated Preservation beyond Smokey the Carry (in Commentary: How Well Is the National Park Service Doing?) Archived November 11, 2018, at the Wayback Motorcar" (JSTOR), The Public Historian, Vol. ix, No. 2, The National Park Service and Historic Preservation. (Bound, 1987), pp. 135–142. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
^ "National Register Database," National Annals of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "The Department of Transportation Act of 1966, Cornell Law School Legal Information Constitute, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} ^f "National Annals Bulletin xvi: How to Complete the National Annals Form, Chapter eight," National Register of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation," National Register of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Working on the By: In Local Celebrated Districts," Technical Preservation Services, Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ "List of NHLs," National Historic Landmarks Program, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Results of listing and Possessor information," National Register of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106," Tribal Preservation Programme, Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grey, Oscar S. "The Response of Federal Legislation to Historic Preservation Archived December 22, 2018, at the Wayback Automobile" (JSTOR), Constabulary and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 36, No. 3, Historic Preservation. (Summer, 1971), pp. 314–328. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
^ "Federal, Land and Local Historic Districts," Technical Preservation Services, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Bulletin 16 Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form," National Annals of Historic Places, Official site. Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
^ "Search for Multiple Property Submission (MPS) Covers," National Register of Historic Places", Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Cow Barn". Enfield Shaker Museum . Retrieved March 14, 2022.
^ ""National and state registers", at Colorado Office of Archeology & Historic Preservation," History Colorado, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Rehabiliation Standards and Guidelines—Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service". NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service). Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. Retrieved November sixteen, 2017.
^ "Historic Preservation Tax Incentives", Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service, Official site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Salve America's Treasures Grants" Historic Preservation Fund National Park Service, Official Site. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Salvage America's Treasures". National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on Feb 19, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Sprinkle, John H., Jr. (Spring 2007). ""Of Exceptional Importance": The Origins of the "Fifty-Twelvemonth Rule" in Historic Preservation". The Public Historian. 29 (two): 81–103. doi:ten.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.81. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
^ Fallows, James. "Our Towns: How Danville Has Avoided Omaha's Error - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ Church sues over historic site Archived Baronial 6, 2012, at the Wayback Auto, Caren Burmeister, Jacksonville Times-Union, iii/23/99. Retrieved 7/8/11.
^ Gratz, R.B. (1996) Living City: How America'south Cities Are Existence Revitalized by Thinking Small in a Big Fashion. John Wiley and Sons. p. V.
^ National Trust for Historic Preservation and Zagars, J. (1997) Preservation Yellowish Pages: The Consummate Information Source for Homeowners, Communities, and Professionals. John Wiley and Sons. p.fourscore.
^ "The Fifty.A. compages landmark — abandoned, trashed and left to burn down". Los Angeles Times. May 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
^ Mikle, Jean. "Asbury Park'south Tillie is still condom". Springfield News-Leader. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
^ "Celebrated Galveston nightclub destroyed". ABC13 Houston. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
^ Blair, Russell. "UConn to Demolish Seven of Nine 'Faculty Row' Houses". courant.com. Archived from the original on October two, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
^ "Circus barns on National Annals of Celebrated Places to exist demolish". whas11.com. March xiii, 2021. Archived from the original on Apr fifteen, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.